#LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 221 \textclass book \begin_preamble \usepackage[english]{babel} % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!! % % I've designed this preamble to ensure that the User's Guide prints % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble, % parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. 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If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documentation mailing list, . \end_inset \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} \end_inset \layout Chapter Introducere \layout Section What is LyX? \layout Standard LyX is a document preparation system. It is a tool for producing beautiful manuscripts, publishable books, business letters and proposals, and even poetry. It is unlike most other \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset word processors \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core editing style. That means that when you type a section header, you mark it as a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Section \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , not \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Bold, 17 pt type, left justified, 5 mm space below \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . LyX takes care of the typesetting for you, so you deal only with concepts, not the mechanics. \layout Standard This philosophy is explained in much greater detail in the \emph on \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Introduction \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \emph default . If you haven't read it yet, you need to. Yes, we mean now. \layout Standard The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on Introduction \emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset describes several things in addition to LyX's philosophy: most importantly, the format of all of the manuals. If you don't read it, you'll have a bear of a time navigating this manual. You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead of this one. \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on Introduction \emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset describes that, too. \layout Section Getting Started \layout Subsection Invoking LyX \layout Standard Similar to other Linux [and other brands of Unix] programs, you start LyX by simply typing \family typewriter lyx \family default at the command line. You can, of course, include several command-line options, including file names. We're not going to repeat all of the command-line options here, since we've already done that in the \family typewriter man \family default page for LyX. Check there for more info. \layout Standard There are one or two things we'd like to comment on: \layout Itemize If you include more than one file name on the command line, LyX will load them all, though it won't display them all simultaneously. More on that in a bit. \layout Subsection How LyX Looks \layout Subsubsection The Main Window \layout Standard Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of its window. Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons. There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing documents. Near the bottom of the window is a small window containing a single line of text. This is the \emph on minibuffer \emph default (a term which we've swiped, lock, stock, and barrel, from GNU Emacs), which really means \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset command buffer \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Type \family sans M-x \family default when you need to type a command in the minibuffer. \layout Standard Note that there is no horizontal scroll bar. This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional. When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the next line. Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for only a vertical scrollbar. \layout Standard There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar. The first case is large figures, displayed WYSIWYG\SpecialChar \@. This, however, is due to a flaw in the routine that displays graphics on the LyX screen in a WYSIWYG fashion; it should rescale the graphics to fit in the window, just as you'd need to rescale graphics to fit on a page. The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than the LyX window. You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through the table, but this doesn't work for equations yet. \layout Subsection HELP! \layout Standard First, the bad news: the help system is not as thorough or idiot-proof as in many commercial applications. Patience. We're working on it. \layout Standard Now the good news: the help system consists of the LyX manuals. You can read \emph on all \emph default of the manuals from inside LyX. Just select the manual you want read from the \family sans \bar under H \bar default elp \family default menu. \layout Standard While we're at it, we'd like to make a comment about the manuals. They're not idiot-proof, not in the least. Here's what one of our authors, \noun on John Weiss \noun default , once said about manuals: \layout Quotation I hate manuals. \layout Quotation Yes, we've all dealt with the terse, poorly-translated, or cryptic manuals. They are aggravating. I find, however, that the overly simplified ones are even more aggravating. First, they spend about half their time carefully explaining to the user how to operate a mouse, what a menu is, et cetera, ad nauseum. Please, if someone doesn't know how to use their own computer, or a GUI, then they should sit down and learn \emph on before \emph default they start up a major piece of software. \layout Quotation Second, what information they do provide seems to assume that the user is stupid. Utter nonsense! Most users, in my experience, are some combination of clueless and intimidated, not stupid. Besides, if someone is truly slow on the uptake, they need help that a manual for a piece of computer software can't give. \layout Standard \emph on Editor's Note: With this in mind, I've instructed all of the other authors to avoid patronizing you, the reader, and to be more pedagogical than pedantic. As for those who are too lazy to read and understand the manuals --- well, as we say here in America, there's no such thing as a free lunch. - jw \layout Section The LyX Interface \layout Subsection Basic File Operations \layout Standard Under the \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile \family default menu are the 9 basic operations for any word processor in addition to some more advanced operations: \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under N \bar default ew \layout Itemize \family sans New\SpecialChar ~ from \bar under \SpecialChar ~ T \bar default emplate \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under O \bar default pen \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under C \bar default lose \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under S \bar default ave \layout Itemize \family sans Save\SpecialChar ~ \bar under A \bar default s \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under R \bar default evert \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under P \bar default rint \layout Itemize \family sans E \bar under x \bar default it \layout Standard They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with a few minor differences. The \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator New\SpecialChar ~ from \bar under \SpecialChar ~ T \bar default emplate \family default command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts you for a template to use. Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually. They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters [see sec. \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:doc-classes} \end_inset ] \layout Standard Note: There is no \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset default file \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or document named \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Untitled \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset scratch. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank space is just that --- a big, blank space. \layout Standard The \family sans \bar under R \bar default evert \family default command is useful if more people work on the same document at the same time \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature in LyX also. Read \emph on Extended Features \emph default \SpecialChar \@. \end_inset . It will simply reload the document from disk. You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document and want to restore it to the last save. \layout Standard The second matter of note concerns the commands \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under C \bar default lose \family default and \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator E \bar under x \bar default it \family default . They both feature a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset nag box \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset to save us all from our own stupidity. That is, if you try to close a file with changes [or exit LyX], you'll be informed that there are unsaved files. \layout Subsection Basic Editing Features \layout Standard Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or screenful of text, and can delete whole words as well as individual characters. The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to access them. We'll start with cut and paste. \layout Standard As you might expect, the \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit \family default menu has the cut and paste commands, along with various other editing features. Some of these are special and covered in later sections. The basic ones are: \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under C \bar default ut \layout Itemize \family sans C \bar under o \bar default py \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under P \bar default aste \layout Itemize \family sans \bar under F \bar default ind\SpecialChar ~ &\SpecialChar ~ Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{} \layout Standard The first three are self-explanatory. One thing to note: whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected, it's automatically placed in the clipboard. That is, the \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans Backspace \family default keys also functions as the \family sans \bar under C \bar default ut \family default command. Also, if you've selected text, be careful. If you hit a key, LyX will completely delete the selected text and replace it with what you just typed (this behavior is configurable). You'll have to do an \family sans \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default to get back the lost text. \layout Standard The \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under F \bar default ind\SpecialChar ~ &\SpecialChar ~ Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{} \family default item opens the \family sans Find\SpecialChar ~ &\SpecialChar ~ Replace \family default dialog. The text you want to find goes in the \family sans Fi \bar under n \bar default d \family default box. Once you've found a word or expression, LyX selects it. Hitting the \family sans \bar under R \bar default eplace \family default button replaces the selected text with the contents of the \family sans Replace\SpecialChar ~ \bar under w \bar default ith \family default box. You can click to search again to skip the current word. \layout Standard Hit \family sans Replace \bar under A \bar default ll \family default to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically. \layout Standard The \family sans Ca \bar under s \bar default e\SpecialChar ~ sensitive \family default toggle button can be used if you want the search to consider the case of the search word. If the toggle is set, searching for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter Match \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will not match the word \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter match \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \layout Standard The \family sans \bar under M \bar default atch\SpecialChar ~ Word \family default toggle button can be used to force LyX to only find complete words. I.e. searching for \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter match \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will not match \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter matches \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter matchbox \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , etc. \layout Subsection Undo and Redo \layout Standard If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it. LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer. Select \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default to undo some mistake. If you accidently undo too much, use \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under R \bar default edo \family default to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset undo the undo. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100 steps to minimise memory overhead. \layout Standard Notice that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as it was last saved, the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset changed \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset status of the document is unfortunately not reset. This is a consequence of the 100 step undo limit, above. \layout Standard The \family sans \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default and \family sans \bar under R \bar default edo \family default work on almost everything in LyX. They have some quirks, too. They won't \family sans \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default or \family sans \bar under R \bar default edo \family default text character by character, but by blocks of text. That can take some getting used to; you'll have to play with \family sans \bar under U \bar default ndo \family default and \family sans \bar under R \bar default edo \family default to get a feel for just how much they'll undo/redo, and after time, you'll hopefully appreciate how it works. \layout Subsection Basic Mouse Bindings \layout Standard We're not going to go into all of the mouse bindings here. Some of the other sections of this manual cover specific operations you can do with the mouse. Instead, we're going to cover the most basic mouse operations. \layout Enumerate Motion \begin_deeper \layout Itemize Click the \emph on left mouse button \emph default once anywhere in the edit window. The cursor moves to the text under the mouse. \end_deeper \layout Enumerate Selecting Text \begin_deeper \layout Itemize Hold down the \emph on left mouse button \emph default and drag the mouse. LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions. Use \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator C \bar under o \bar default py \family default to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer. \layout Itemize Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator P \bar under a \bar default ste \family default . \end_deeper \layout Enumerate Footnotes, Margin Notes, Figure and Table Floats, etc. \begin_deeper \layout Standard \emph on Single click \emph default the \emph on \emph default left mouse button to open or close any of these. Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details. \end_deeper \layout Enumerate Tables \begin_deeper \layout Standard \emph on Single click \emph default the right mouse button \emph on \emph default to open a dialog that will allow you to manipulate the table. \end_deeper \layout Subsection Basic Key Bindings \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: key bindings} \end_inset Again, we're not going to cover all of the keybindings. Be aware that there are at least two different primary binding maps: CUA and Emacs. I guarantee you will cuss when you press Control-d to delete a character, and it starts up a DVI previewer instead (or vice versa). \layout Standard Some keys, like \family sans Page\SpecialChar ~ Up \family default , \family sans Page\SpecialChar ~ Down \family default , \family sans Left \family default , \family sans Right \family default , \family sans Up \family default , and \family sans Down \family default , do exactly what you expect them to do. Other keys don't: \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Tab \family default There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX. If you don't understand this, go read Sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro} \end_inset and \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:par-environments} \end_inset , especially Section\SpecialChar ~ \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvlists} \end_inset , right now. Yes, right now. If you're still confused, look in the \emph on Tutorial \emph default . \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Esc \family default This is the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset cancel key. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset It's used, generically, to cancel operations. Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Home \family default \SpecialChar ~ and\SpecialChar ~ \family sans End \family default These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line, unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning or end of the file. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Backspace \family default \SpecialChar ~ and\SpecialChar ~ \family sans Delete \family default \emph on If \emph default you have your keyboard set up correctly under the X Windows System, \family sans Backspace \family default works as expected and \family sans Delete \family default deletes the character under the cursor [if no text is selected]. \begin_deeper \layout Standard If you haven't set up your keyboard under X, or have no idea what we mean by that, go read section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:x-win-keys} \end_inset immediately. You'll save yourself a lot of headaches. \end_deeper \layout Standard Then there are the modifier keys: \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Control- \family default This has a couple of different uses, depending on which keys it's used in combination with: \begin_deeper \layout Itemize With \family sans Backspace \family default or \family sans Delete \family default , it deletes an entire word instead of a single character. \layout Itemize With \family sans Left \family default and \family sans Right \family default , it moves by words instead of characters. \layout Itemize With \family sans Home \family default and \family sans End \family default , it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively. \end_deeper \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Shift- \family default Use this with any of the motion keys to select the text between the old and new cursor positions. \layout List \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000 \family sans Meta- \family default This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless your keyboard has a distinct Meta key. Unfortunately, X sometimes has their functionality swapped, so if you have both keys, you will need to do a little trial and error to find out which one actually performs the \family sans Meta- \family default function. This key does many different things, but it also activates the \emph on menu accelerator keys \emph default . If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a menu or menu item, it selects that menu item. \begin_deeper \layout Standard For example, the sequence \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans M-e\SpecialChar ~ a \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset pastes text. Typing \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans M-f \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset opens the \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile \family default menu. \layout Standard There are also other things bound to the \family sans Meta- \family default key, but you'll have to check in the \emph on Reference \emph default \emph on manual \emph default for more info. \end_deeper \layout Standard Hopefully, you'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as you use LyX, because most mouse actions will prompt a small message in the minibuffer which describe the name of the action, you've just triggered, and any existing keybindings for that action. The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it. However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so \family sans \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset M-p S-A \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset means \family sans Meta-p \family default followed by a capital \family sans A \family default . \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family sans S-C-S \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset means \family sans Shift-Control-s \family default . \layout Section Using LyX with Other Programs \layout Subsection Importing ASCII files \layout Standard You can import text from an ASCII file using the \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under I \bar default mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under A \bar default scii\SpecialChar ~ text\SpecialChar ~ as\SpecialChar ~ lines \family default or \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under I \bar default mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under A \bar default scii\SpecialChar ~ text\SpecialChar ~ as\SpecialChar ~ paragraphs \family default options. \layout Standard \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under I \bar default mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under A \bar default scii\SpecialChar ~ text\SpecialChar ~ as_lines \family default puts each line of the file into its own LyX paragraph. This is useful if you're importing a text file with a simple list in it. However, if your text file contains paragraphs in it, LyX will mangle the paragraphs if you use this form of import. \layout Standard \family sans \bar under F \bar default ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under I \bar default mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under A \bar default scii\SpecialChar ~ text\SpecialChar ~ as\SpecialChar ~ paragraphs \family default preserves paragraphs in text files. Often in a text file, you didn't put the contents of an entire paragraph on one line. You used \family sans Return \family default to break up the paragraph into separate lines. Using the \family sans as\SpecialChar ~ paragraphs \family default , LyX won't mangle such paragraphs. Anything between two consecutive blank lines goes into its own LyX paragraph. Remember: you must make sure there is a \emph on completely blank \emph default line between each and every paragraph in your text file. If not, LyX might end up merging two paragraphs. \layout Subsection Cut and Paste Between LyX and Other X Programs \layout Standard The \family sans \bar under C \bar default ut \family default , \family sans C \bar under o \bar default py \family default , and \family sans P \bar under a \bar default ste \family default operations will transfer text to and from LyX. You can copy text from LyX to another window in this way: Select the text that you want to copy, then go to the destination window and paste the text with the middle mouse button. \layout Standard Pasting text into LyX also works much the same way as in X. Select the text with the mouse in another X window. Go to the Lyx window and paste the text with the middle mouse button. \layout Chapter LyX Setup and Supporting Applications \layout Section Introduction \layout Standard If you're using LyX on a system someone else has set up for you, then you can safely skip this chapter. It describes all of the things you need beyond the LyX binary and files distributed with it. \layout Standard If you're installing LyX on your system, \emph on you should read the README's that came with the LyX distribution and then \family sans \emph default \bar under H \bar default elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under L \bar default aTeX\SpecialChar ~ Configuration \family default \emph on . \emph default Do that first. This chapter does not describe installation or setup of the LyX binary [Well, not everything\SpecialChar \ldots{} ]. It does describe all of the things you'll need to use LyX to its fullest. \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard This is basically where we decided to document a bunch of info about running LyX, including what other programs you'll need to make LyX useful. \end_inset \layout Section Basic LyX Setup \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:setup} \end_inset There are two ways to run LyX. The first way is to install LyX and all of its support files on your system. Of course, you need root privileges to do that. The second way to run LyX doesn't require root access, letting you \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset install \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset LyX somewhere in your own account. LyX will automatically detect where it is as long as the supporting directories are put in the correct places. \layout Standard There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX, without resorting to configuration files. First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document classes and LaTeX packages are available. It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several \family typewriter preferences \family sans \family default variables. Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed on your system, you might have some items that you installed locally and which are not seen by LyX. To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under R \bar default econfigure \family default . You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account. As far as LaTeX classes and packages are concerned, you will find information about what has been found under \family sans \bar under H \bar default elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under L \bar default aTeX\SpecialChar ~ Configuration \family default . \layout Standard The second set of settings that you might want to change comprises all the document-level setting that you can change via the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument \family default dialog of the \family sans \bar under L \bar default ayout \family default menu. To do this, open a scrap document, set all these options according to your taste and save them with the \family sans \bar under S \bar default ave\SpecialChar ~ as\SpecialChar ~ Document\SpecialChar ~ Defaults \family default button in the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument \family default dialog. This will create a template named \family typewriter default.lyx \family default which is automatically loaded by LyX when you open a document without template such that the settings are automatically set-up as you defined them. \layout Standard There are many other user-configurable options that you can feed to LyX. Upon startup, LyX reads a global options file called \family typewriter lyxrc.defaults \family default . It will then attempt to read a file called \family typewriter ~/.lyx/preferences \family default beneath your home directory. The \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit \bar under \SpecialChar \menuseparator P \bar default references \family default dialog can be used to change these options; the document \emph on Customization \emph default contains more information about the preferences dialog and these configuration files. \layout Section Setting Up the X Keyboard \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:x-win-keys} \end_inset To use LyX properly, you \emph on must \emph default set X up correctly. This is especially vital if you're using the international support features of LyX and want to use non-English keyboard mappings. Unfortunately, almost nobody bothers to do this, especially those who've installed Linux on a PC\SpecialChar \@. Administrators of large systems can be guilty of this, too, so don't assume that you're safe if you're using a large system. Any user can instruct X how to use his or her keyboard. \layout Subsection \family typewriter xmodmap \family default and \family typewriter xkeycaps \layout Standard First of all read the man pages for these two programs. They are your best friends when you are trying to set up X key mapping correctly. If you don't have them, install them. \layout Subsubsection \family typewriter xmodmap \layout Standard This document contains no information on how to use \family typewriter xmodmap \family default . There is a sample \family typewriter .Xmodmap \family default file in \emph on Customization \emph default . To load the new X keyboard mappings, place the command \family typewriter xmodmap\SpecialChar ~ .Xmodmap \family default somewhere in your startup scripts [for example, \family typewriter .cshrc \family default , \family typewriter .profile \family default , \family typewriter .login \family default , or \family typewriter .xinitrc \family default are all possibilities]. \layout Subsubsection \family typewriter xkeycaps \layout Standard This program is a dream come true! It brings up a graphical version of your keyboard, allows you to make modifications, and then spits those modifications out to the standard output in a form readable by \family typewriter xmodmap \family default . It is very useful when you're trying to design a new \family typewriter .Xmodmap \family default file, though it will require you to do a bit of cut-and-pasting. \layout Subsection Modifiers and Mode_switch \layout Standard LyX supports three modifiers: Shift [ \family sans S- \family default ], Control [ \family sans C- \family default ], and Meta [ \family sans M- \family default ]. Moreover, if one of the keys of your keyboard is configured as a \family sans Compose \family default key, then you can use it to enter some characters not available on your keyboard. This compose key can be used either as a modifier (like \family sans Shift \family default or \family sans Control \family default ) or as a prefix key. Here are some examples of what you can do with a \family sans Compose \family default key: \layout Itemize \family sans Compose+e+' \family default \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ \end_inset é \layout Itemize \family sans Compose+O+R \family default \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ \end_inset ® \layout Itemize \family sans Compose+1+2 \family default \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ \end_inset ½ \layout Itemize \family sans Compose+<+< \family default \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$ \end_inset « \layout Standard This input method is particularly handy when you use accented characters only from time to time. It works by default for latin1 characters, but other input methods will be used if you setup your locale correctly. \layout Subsection Helpful Hints and Tips \layout Standard First, open up two xterminals. Use one to edit a new \family typewriter .Xmodmap \family default file and run \family typewriter xkeycaps \family default from the other. Using \family typewriter xkeycaps \family default , remap your keyboard the way you want it. There's a button in \family typewriter xkeycaps \family default to output the new keymap. Once you hit it, \family typewriter xkeycaps \family default will spit a bunch of stuff on the xterm you executed it from. Just copy and paste all of that into your \family typewriter .Xmodmap \family default file, and you're done. \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard You could also save yourself some typing by executing \family typewriter xkeycaps > .Xmodmap \family default . This will create a usable map file. \end_inset \layout Standard Also, there are some things you can do to help you get oriented. Try executing the command \family typewriter xmodmap -v -pm \family default . This will show you all of the currently active modifiers. Also try \family typewriter xmodmap -v -pke | more \family default to see which keycode numbers are mapped to which symbolic names. It will also give you some idea of the syntax of the \family typewriter .Xmodmap \family default file. \layout Standard There's one thing you'll need to check. Make sure that your \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans BackSpace \family default keys are \emph on not \emph default defined as the same key symbol by X! Note that giving these two keys unique symbol names will not necessarily alter the behavior of your programs. Some programs bind \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans BackSpace \family default to the same operation. Emacs is one. Other programs, however, use \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans BackSpace \family default for different operations. LyX is one of these programs, and if you have \family sans Delete \family default and \family sans BackSpace \family default labeled with the same key symbol name, you'll have trouble using LyX. \layout Section LaTeX \layout Standard If you want to do more with LyX than simply create documents and spit out \family typewriter .tex \family default files, you'll need LaTeX. \layout Standard In case you were wondering, LaTeX is a markup language front end for TeX, a document preparation system invented in 1984 by Donald Knuth. \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard A note about pronunciation: TeX originated from the Greek letters, \begin_inset Formula $\tau\epsilon\chi$ \end_inset , which rhymes with \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset blech. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset That's how you pronounce \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset TeX \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset LaTeX. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset [If you're American, just pronounce the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset X \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset as a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset k \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and you've got it.] \end_inset TeX takes a set of commands in an ASCII file and converts it to a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset device-independent \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset format, or Dvi, for short. The Dvi file can then be sent to printers. TeX is programmable, and LaTeX is nothing but a [really huge] set of TeX macros. LaTeX will typically come as part of a TeX distribution, so all you need is a TeX package. \layout Standard Note that on some old systems you may find that only LaTeX 2.09 is installed (as opposed to the more current LaTeX2e). LyX cannot be used with LaTeX 2.09. \layout Standard If you're using Linux, LaTeX2e should have come with your distribution. For other systems, you might need to install LaTeX yourself.You can obtain a LaTeX distribution (and anything and everything related to TeX and LaTeX) from a Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) mirror. A complete list of mirrors may be found at \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ctan.org} \end_inset \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ctan} \end_inset . \layout Section Dvips and Ghostscript \layout Subsection What You Need \layout Standard There's one more step you need to take if you want to print your LyX documents. Obviously, you'll need to make sure your printer is configured [see next section]. You'll also need to install these programs (or compatibles), if you don't have them already: \layout Itemize \family typewriter dvips \layout Itemize \family typewriter ghostscript \layout Itemize \family typewriter xdvi \layout Itemize \family typewriter ghostview \layout Standard The latter two programs are previewer for files in Dvi and PostScript® \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard PostScript® is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated, and is the main page description language in the UN*X world. \end_inset format. If you don't know what a DVI file is, you've probably also never worked with LaTeX and should read the \emph on Tutorial \emph default document before proceeding further. \family typewriter dvips \family default converts DVI files into PostScript®, which is the format most printers use nowadays. For those of you using dot-matrix and inkjet printers, you'll want to filter the PostScript® through \family typewriter ghostscript \family default , which is capable of creating output for a variety of printers. The following section on printer setup describes how to do this automatically every time you print. For now, we'll concentrate on \family typewriter dvips \family default . \layout Subsection Dvips \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:dvipsconfig} \end_inset Whether you'll be running LyX on a large system or a Linux box at home, you should configure \family typewriter dvips \family default . \family typewriter dvips \family default will either \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset print \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset into a file, or send output directly to the printer, depending on how it's configured. If it is set up to print to a file, and if no filename is specified, it will simply turn \family typewriter foo.dvi \family default into \family typewriter foo.ps \family default . Most systems have \family typewriter dvips \family default set up to send output to the default printer. For LyX, you'll want the flexibility to do both. \layout Standard If you are not a mood to configure \family typewriter dvips \family default to adapt its output to your printer, you can safely skip this section. Be warned however that the output will not match the quality that you could expect from your printer. At least, it will print. \layout Standard If you are using teTeX (a TeX distribution which is particularly popular on Linux), you should run the program \family typewriter texconfig \family default . To make the name of a new printer recognized by \family typewriter dvips \family default you should then select menu entry \family sans Dvips \family default , then add. Enter the required parameters and, before exiting, remember to select the function \family sans Rehash \family default . \layout Standard Let's turn now to manual configuration: in order to inform \family typewriter dvips \family default how to automagically convert a \family typewriter .dvi \family default file into a \family typewriter .ps \family default file adapted to printer \family typewriter foo \family default , you need to have a config-file, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter config.foo \family default , \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset lying around somewhere. Typically, the \family typewriter config.* \family default files for \family typewriter dvips \family default will be in \family typewriter /usr/lib/texmf/dvips \family default in most TeX distributions. Your system will probably be different, of course, so just look under the main TeX directory for a subdirectory called \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter dvips \family default . \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset It'll be there somewhere. \layout Standard Typically, there will be at least one config-file: \family typewriter config.ps \family default . This file is the default configuration file, which is \emph on always \emph default read by dvips \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard In particular, this file is not necessarily connected to the existence of a file named \family typewriter ps \family default . \end_inset . Read this file and see what options could need to be changed for your particula r printer. Then create a file \family typewriter config.foo \family default containing only the relevant lines. \layout Standard There's at least one thing you need to do to the config-file. There may exist a line that looks like, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter o | lpr \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset [without the quotes, of course\SpecialChar \ldots{} ]. Change it to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter o | lpr -Pfoo \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , so that the output is sent by default to printer \family typewriter foo \family default . However, you should probably investigate the entries \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter M \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \family typewriter D \family default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset , which define respectively the Metafont mode and the resolution of the printer. If you do not know what a Metafont mode is, you can see it as a printer driver: it adapts the design of TeX fonts to ensure that they give the best possible result on your printer. Be warned however that, if you define different Metafont modes for different printers, \family typewriter dvips \family default will generate several copies of your TeX fonts on disk, and these take valuable space. \layout Standard Once you are satisfied that your printers are correctly configured, you should tell LyX to make use of this configuration. To do this, you should launch the \family sans Preferences \family default dialog ( \family sans \bar under E \bar default dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under P \bar default references \family default ) and set the entries \family sans Adapt\SpecialChar ~ output \family default and \family sans Spool\SpecialChar ~ command \family default . \layout Standard You can use as many configuration files as you like, one for each of your printers. The default printer for LyX can be specified from the \family sans \bar under P \bar default references \family default dialog or with the \family typewriter PRINTER \family default environment variable. You can also choose the desired printer from inside LyX, as described in a later section. Once you've done all that, you can print to either a PostScript® printer or file from LyX. \layout Standard If your printer doesn't understand PostScript®, you'll need to use \family typewriter ghostscript \family default as a filter for your print spooler. That's covered in numerous HOWTO's and manuals. We also have a section that covers a little bit of this. \layout Standard Some people don't seem to like using the \family typewriter dvips \family default plus \family typewriter ghostscript \family default combination. As alternative, you can use a program that converts the DVI file directly into your printer language. You can specify this program in the \family sans Preferences \family default dialog, too. There is a major disadvantage to this method. You can't include any PostScript® files, such as graphics, in your documents, since the printer-specific conversion programs don't understand PostScript®. For that reason, the LyX team highly recommends using \family typewriter dvips \family default and \family typewriter ghostscript \family default for printing. \layout Subsection Ghostscript, Xdvi and Ghostview \layout Standard \family typewriter Xdvi \family default and \family typewriter ghostview \family default are viewers. The former handles \family typewriter .dvi \family default files, while the later interfaces with \family typewriter ghostscript \family default to allow you to view PostScript® files. \layout Standard A quick note on both of these programs. Both automatically update themselves if the viewed file \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard That means the \family typewriter .dvi \family default or \family typewriter .ps \family default file, not the files used to make these. \end_inset changes. You can also force an update. So, once you've opened one of these two viewers, there's no reason to close it. Also, both programs are functionally the same, providing all of the same features. \layout Standard The LyX team recommends using \family typewriter xdvi \family default for fine tuning documents. Why? It's faster; there's one less layer of processing you need to do before you can view the changes. Here's an example: \layout Enumerate Use \family typewriter xdvi \family default to preview a document from LyX, and leave it running. \layout Enumerate Make changes to the document using LyX. \layout Enumerate To view those changes, just choose \family sans \bar under V \bar default iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under U \bar default pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under D \bar default VI \family default . When LaTeX's all done, click on the \family typewriter xdvi \family default window, and voilà! \family typewriter xdvi \family default will update itself. \layout Standard Now, this doesn't mean \family typewriter ghostview \family default is useless. \family typewriter ghostview \family default is better suited to those occasions where you \emph on must \emph default view the PostScript® version of the document. For repeated changes that aren't PostScript® dependent, you're better off previewing with \family typewriter xdvi \family default . There is an alternative to \family typewriter ghostview \family default which sports a much better interface: \family typewriter gv \family default . LyX will automatically use it instead of ghostscript if it is available. \layout Section The Printer \layout Standard \size normal Anyone working on a large system shouldn't have any problems here. Your sysadmin [or you, if you are the sysadmin] should already have the printers set up for your system. All you need to do is find out the name of the printer you want to use, and configure you \size default r setup \size normal as described in the last section. \layout Standard \size normal Those of you using Linux, however, will have a bit more work to do. Many people now receive a Linux distribution, such as Red Hat or Slackware, on CD-ROM \size default \SpecialChar \@. \size normal They follow the install instructions, get Linux up and running, but never realize that they need to set up their printer. \size default If you find that you need to do this by hand, we've written a little something to help you out with that; check out the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset \emph on A Printer Tutorial \emph default \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset chapter in the \emph on Customization \emph default manual for help. \layout Chapter LyX Basics \layout Section Document Types \layout Subsection Introduction \layout Standard Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you need to decide what \emph on type \emph default of document you want to edit. Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings, numbering schemes, and so on. Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments, and format the title of your document differently. \layout Standard A \emph on document class \emph default describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents. By setting the document class, you automagically select these properties, making it easier to create the type of document you want. If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default. So, it behooves you to change the class of your document. \layout Standard Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and how to fine-tune some of their properties. \layout Subsection \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:doc-classes} \end_inset The Various Document Classes \layout Subsubsection Overview \layout Standard There are five standard document classes in LyX. They are: \layout Description Article for basic articles \layout Description Report for basic reports \layout Description Book for writing a book \layout Description Letter for US-style letters \layout Description Slides is used to make transparencies \layout Standard There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have a LaTeX setup that supports them: \layout Description Aapaper Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysic s \layout Description Amsart Journal articles in the style and format used by the AMS [American Mathematical Society]. There are three amsart layouts available. The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems, \emph on etc. \emph default , that prepends the section number to the number of the result. All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence. The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset sequential numbering \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers them throughout the article in a single sequence. Each type of result gets its own sequence. There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether. \layout Description Amsbook Books in the style and format used by the AMS. Only the standard numbering scheme is provided, under the assumption that you would not want to number results consecutively throughout a book, and that you would need to number results. \layout Description Dinbrief für Briefe nach deutscher Art \layout Description Foils is used to make transparencies, but is better than \family sans slides \layout Description Linuxdoc Used with the SGML-tools package (formerly known as LinuxDoc). It allows LyX to produce SGML output. SGML is a markup language and is the predecessor to HTML\SpecialChar \@. The SGML-tools package allows you to convert SGML to HTML or to the format used by \family typewriter man \family default pages. \layout Description Paper for use with the \family typewriter paper \family default LaTeX document class [not in all LaTeX distributions] \layout Description Revtex is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society of America (OSA). This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features. \layout Standard We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes here. You can find all the details about the non-standard classes in the \emph on Extended Editing \emph default manual. Here, we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all of the document classes. \layout Subsubsection Selecting a Class \layout Standard You can select a class using the \family sans Document\SpecialChar ~ Layout \family default dialog. To open the \family sans Document\SpecialChar ~ Layout \family default dialog, select \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument... \family default from the \family sans \bar under L \bar default ayout \family default menu. Then use \family sans \bar under C \bar default lass \family default to select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options you may need. \layout Subsubsection Properties \layout Standard Each class has a default set of options. Here's a quick table describing them: \layout Standard \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Pagestyle \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Sides \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Columns \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Max. sectioning level \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none article \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Plain \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Section \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none report \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Plain \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Chapter \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none book \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Headings \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Two \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Chapter \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none letter \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Plain \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none none \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none linuxdoc \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Plain \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Section \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none aapaper \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Plain \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Two \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Two \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Section \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none amsart \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Headings \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Section \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none dinbrief \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Plain \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none none \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none paper \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Headings \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none One \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Section \end_inset \end_inset \layout Standard There is no default value of \family sans E \bar under x \bar default tra\SpecialChar ~ Options \family default for any of these classes. \layout Standard You're probably also wondering what \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Max. sectioning level \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset means. There are several paragraph environment used to create section headings. Different document classes allow different types of section headings. Only two use the \family sans Chapter \family default heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the \family sans Section \family default heading. Some document classes, such as the three for letters, don't use any section headings. In addition to \family sans Chapter \family default and \family sans Section \family default headings, there are also \family sans Subsection \family default headings, \family sans Subsubsection \family default headings, and so on. We'll describe these headings fully in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvheadings} \end_inset . \layout Subsection Fine-tuning the Defaults \layout Standard Okay, we know we never told you what most of these \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset default options \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset set by the \family sans \bar under C \bar default lass \family default button do. That's what this section is for. \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans \bar under P \bar default agestyle \family default This is another list, containing five options. It controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page: \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard LaTeX does this part. \end_inset \begin_deeper \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Default \family default Use default pagestyle of current class. \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Empty \family default No page numbers or headings. \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Plain \family default Page numbers only. \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Headings \family default Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number. Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on which is the maximum sectioning level. \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Fancy \family default This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you have the \family sans fancyhdr \family default package installed. At the moment, support in LyX is limited to this setting. To use the full power of this package, you have to resolve to magic codes in your preamble. Check the documentation for the \family sans fancyhdr \family default package for more details. \end_deeper \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Sides \family default No, LyX can't make your printer print on both sides of a sheet of paper! However, it can use a different format for odd-numbered pages than even-numbere d pages. This way, if you \emph on do \emph default have a printer that duplexes \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard i.e. prints on both sides of a sheet of paper \end_inset , your page number will always be in the upper right corner of the page and the left margin will have extra room for a binding. \begin_deeper \layout Standard There are two radio buttons here: \family sans One \family default for single-sided documents, \family sans Two \family default for double-sided documents. \end_deeper \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Columns \family default Yes, this does control how many columns each page has. You can choose, using the toggle buttons, \family sans One \family default or \family sans Two \family default for the number of columns. \begin_deeper \layout Standard Note that LyX won't show two columns on screen. That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept. However, there \emph on will \emph default be two columns in the generated output. \end_deeper \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans E \bar under x \bar default tra\SpecialChar ~ Options \family default The LaTeX command \family typewriter \backslash documentclass \family default takes several options. LyX sets some of these automatically for you. This text box allows you to enter in others. Just type in a comma-separated list of options. See a good LaTeX book to find out what kinds of additional options you can use. \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM \family sans Separation \family default This has its own section. See sec. \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro} \end_inset for a description of what this does. \layout Subsection Paper Size, Orientation, and Margins \layout Standard There are several other options to set in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar ~ Layout \family default dialog. All of them are global options, but they have special purposes and only affect certain features. We describe what these options do in the same section that describes the features they affect. \layout Standard There are two options that affect the overall layout of the document, so we'll describe them here. You'll find them in the \family sans Paper \family default dialog under the \family sans Layout \family default menu: \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Orientation \family default Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as \family sans \bar under L \bar default andscape \family default or as \family sans Po \bar under r \bar default trait \family default . \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMM \family sans Papersi \bar under z \bar default e \family default What size paper to print on. The choices are \begin_deeper \layout Itemize \family sans Default \layout Itemize \family sans A3, A4, \family default \family sans A5 \layout Itemize \family sans B3, B4, B5 \layout Itemize \family sans US Letter \layout Itemize \family sans US legal \layout Itemize \family sans US executive \layout Itemize \family sans Custom \end_deeper \layout Standard Some of these settings require you to have the \family sans geometry \family default package installed. This package will also allow you to set the margins in the \family sans Paper \family default dialog. \layout Subsection Important Note: \layout Standard If you change a document's class, LyX has to convert \emph on everything \emph default into the new class. That includes the paragraph environments. Some paragraph environments are standard; all of the document classes have them. Some classes have special paragraph environments, however. If this is the case, and you change document classes, LyX sets the missing paragraph environments to \family sans Standard \family default and places an error box at the beginning of the paragraph. Just click on them and you'll get a message dialog that tells you about the conversion and why it failed. \layout Section Paragraph Indentation and Separation \layout Subsection Introduction \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parindentintro} \end_inset Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to say a word or two about paragraph indentation. \layout Standard Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs. Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph. Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs. LyX uses the same convention you find among typographer. The \emph on first \emph default paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list, etc., is \emph on not \emph default indented. Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented. Some people don't like this convention, but if you want to use indented paragraphs, you'll have to live with it. \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard There is a way to force LaTeX to indent all paragraphs. LyX won't show this, of course, but LaTeX \emph on will \emph default print it that way. You'll need to get a special package and insert an appropriate command in the preamble. [ \emph on Editor's Note: I'll insert this info when I get the time. - jw \emph default ] \end_inset \layout Standard The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings and text --- in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are pre-coded into LyX. As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what. LyX takes care of that. In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a range. That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom of a page, and so on. \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard Actually, LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file. \end_inset However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them. LyX gives you the ability to globally change \emph on all \emph default of these pre-coded spacings. We'll explain more later. \layout Subsection Global Indentation Method \layout Standard To select the default method of separating paragraphs, select \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument... \family default from the \family sans \bar under L \bar default ayout \family default menu. This opens the \family sans Document\SpecialChar ~ Layout \family default dialog. Select \family sans \bar under I \bar default ndent \family default or \family sans S \bar under k \bar default ip \family default to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively. \layout Subsection Fine-Tuning \layout Standard You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph. Choose \family sans \bar under P \bar default aragraph... \family default from the \family sans \bar under L \bar default ayout \family default menu to open the \family sans Paragraph\SpecialChar ~ Layout \family default dialog. Toggle the \family sans \bar under N \bar default o Indent \family default button to change the state of the current paragraph. If paragraphs indent by default, this button will be inactive at first. If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this button will be completely ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph by toggling this). \layout Standard You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph if you need to do some fine-tuning. Typically, you'll select \family sans \bar under I \bar default ndent \family default or \family sans S \bar under k \bar default ip \family default for the entire document and edit away. \layout Subsection Changing Line Spacing \layout Standard In the \family sans Document\SpecialChar ~ Layout \family default dialog you can choose your line spacing provided you have the \family sans setspace \family default package installed. \layout Section Paragraph Environments \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:par-environments} \end_inset \layout Subsection Overview \layout Standard The paragraph environments correspond to the various \family typewriter \backslash begin{ \family default \emph on environment \family typewriter \emph default } ... \backslash end{ \family default \emph on environment \family typewriter \emph default } \family default command sequences in an ordinary LaTeX file. If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally alien to you, we urge you to read the \emph on Tutorial \emph default . The \emph on Tutorial \emph default also contains many more examples than this section does. \layout Standard A paragraph environment is simply a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset container \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties. This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering scheme, labels, and so on. Additionally, you can \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset nest \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment to inherit some of the properties of another. The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hold-overs from the days of typewriters. There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular document type. We'll only be covering the most common ones here. \layout Standard To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box on the left end of the toolbar. LyX will change the environment of the \emph on entire \emph default paragraph in which the cursor sits. You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if you select them before choosing the new environment. \layout Standard Note that hitting \family sans Return \family default will \emph on typically \emph default create a new paragraph using the \family sans Standard \family default paragraph environment. We say \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset typically \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset because this isn't always the case. \begin_inset Foot collapsed true \layout Standard If you are in one of these environments: \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard \end_inset \layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard \backslash vspace{-2ex} \backslash parbox[t]{3cm}{ \end_inset \layout Itemize \family sans Quote \layout Itemize \family sans Quotation \layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard } \backslash parbox[t]{3cm}{ \end_inset \layout Itemize \family sans Verse \layout Itemize \family sans Itemize \layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard } \backslash parbox[t]{3cm}{ \end_inset \layout Itemize \family sans Enumerate \layout Itemize \family sans Description \layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard } \backslash parbox[t]{3cm}{ \end_inset \layout Itemize \family sans List \layout Standard \begin_inset ERT status Collapsed \layout Standard } \end_inset \layout Standard LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit \family sans Return \family default , rather than resetting it to \family sans Standard \family default . LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however. \end_inset Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment and the nesting depth [more on nesting in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} \end_inset ]. At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting \family sans Return \family default to reset the paragraph environment and depth. If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth, use \family sans M-Return \family default instead. \layout Subsection Standard \layout Standard The default paragraph environment is \family sans Standard \family default for most classes. It creates a plain paragraph. If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses. In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now [and most of the ones in this manual] are in the \family sans Standard \family default environment. \layout Standard You can nest a paragraph using the \family sans Standard \family default environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything in a \family sans Standard \family default environment. \layout Subsection Document Titles \layout Standard A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name[s] of the author[s] and a \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset footnote \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset for thanks or contact information. For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate page along with today's date. For other types of documents, the title \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset page \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset goes at the top of the first page of the document. \layout Standard LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph environments \family sans Title \family default , \family sans Author \family default , and \family sans Date \family default . Here's how you use them: \layout Itemize Put the title of your document in the \family sans Title \family default environment. \layout Itemize Put the author name in the \family sans Author \family default environment. \layout Itemize If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date, or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in the \family sans Date \family default environment. Note that using this environment is optional. If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date. \layout Standard Be sure to do this at the top of the document. You can use footnotes to insert \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset thanks \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or contact information. \layout Subsection Headings \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvheadings} \end_inset There are nine paragraph environments for producing section headings. LyX takes care of the numbering for you. All you need to do is decide what you're going to call section 3 of chapter 9. \layout Subsubsection Numbered Headings \layout Standard There are 6 numbered types of section headings. \begin_inset Note collapsed true \layout Standard Why no mention of Part ? \end_inset They are: \layout Enumerate \family sans Chapter \layout Enumerate \family sans Section \layout Enumerate \family sans Subsection \layout Enumerate \family sans Subsubsection \layout Enumerate \family sans Paragraph \layout Enumerate \family sans Subparagraph \layout Standard LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods. The numbers describe where in the document you are. These headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text. For example, suppose you're writing a book. You group the book into chapters. LyX does similar grouping: \layout Itemize Either \family sans Chapter \family default or \family sans Section \family default is the maximum sectioning level. \layout Itemize \family sans Chapter \family default s are divided into \family sans Section \family default s \layout Itemize \family sans Section \family default s are divided into \family sans Subsection \family default s \layout Itemize \family sans Subsection \family default s are divided into \family sans Subsubsection \family default s \layout Itemize \family sans Subsubsection \family default s are divided into \family sans Paragraph \family default s \layout Itemize \family sans Paragraph \family default s are divided into \family sans Subparagraph \family default s \layout Standard \emph on Note: \emph default not all document types use the \family sans Chapter \family default heading as the maximum sectioning level. In that case, the \family sans Section \family default is the top-level heading. \layout Standard So, if you use the \family sans Subsubsection \family default environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number, along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter that it's in. For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2.5 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . \layout Subsubsection Unnumbered Headings \layout Standard There are 3 types of unnumbered section headings. They are: \layout Enumerate \family sans Section* \layout Enumerate \family sans Subsection* \layout Enumerate \family sans Subsubsection* \layout Standard The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset * \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset after each name means that these headings are not numbered. They work the same as their numbered counterparts. \layout Subsubsection Changing the Numbering \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:section-depth} \end_inset \layout Standard You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear in the Table of Contents. Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document class. Certain classes start with \family sans Chapter \family default and go down to the \family sans Subparagraph \family default level. Others start at \family sans Section \family default . Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels. Most don't number \family sans Paragraph \family default or \family sans Subparagraph \family default . This is something you can change. \layout Standard Open the \family sans Document\SpecialChar ~ Layout \family default dialog [via the \family sans \bar under D \bar default ocument... \family default item in the \family sans \bar under L \bar default ayout \family default menu]. You should see a counter labelled \family sans Section\SpecialChar ~ number\SpecialChar ~ depth \family default under the \family sans Extra \family default tab. This counter controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers a section heading. Unfortunately, the number you choose with the slider is really goofy, so here's a table of values and what they do: \layout Standard \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \begin_inset Tabular \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none Sec. Num. Depth \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none LyX numbers these \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none value: \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none section headings: \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none -2 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none no numbering of any kind \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none -1 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none add \family sans Parts \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none -0 and 0 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none add Chapters \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 1 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none add Sections \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 2 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \family sans \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none add Subsections \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 3 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none add \family sans Subsubsections \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 4 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none add \family sans Paragraphs \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none 5 \end_inset \begin_inset Text \layout Standard \series medium \shape up \size normal \emph off \bar no \noun off \color none add \family sans Subparagraphs \end_inset \end_inset \layout Standard The increasing numbers are cumulative: a setting of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 0 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will number parts and chapters, while \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset will number parts, chapters, sections, and subsections. Of course, if you're using a document class that doesn't use part or chapter headings ( \emph on e.g. \emph default the default article class), then the numbering begins at the \family sans Section \family default heading, and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 0 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset also corresponds to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset no numbering. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \layout Standard There's another counter in the \family sans Document\SpecialChar ~ Layout \family default dialog, called \family sans Table\SpecialChar ~ of\SpecialChar ~ contents\SpecialChar ~ depth \family default . It works the same way as \family sans Section\SpecialChar ~ numbering\SpecialChar ~ depth \family default , only it controls which sectioning levels appear in, you guessed it, the Table of Contents. This is a great control to have. Suppose you wanted to number \emph on all \emph default sectioning heading, but you only wanted \family sans Chapter \family default s, \family sans Section \family default s, and \family sans Subsection \family default s in the Table of Contents. You'd just set \family sans Section\SpecialChar ~ numbering\SpecialChar ~ depth \family default to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 5 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \family sans Table of contents\SpecialChar ~ depth \family default to \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset 2 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and voilà! You're all set. \layout Subsubsection Special Information \layout Standard The following information applies to \family sans Chapter \family default , \family sans Section \family default , \family sans Subsection \family default , \family sans Subsubsection \family default , \family sans Paragraph \family default , \family sans Subparagraph \family default as well as \family sans Section* \family default , \family sans Subsection* \family default , and \family sans Subsubsection* \family default : \layout Itemize You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments. \layout Itemize You can use inlined math in these environments. \layout Itemize You cannot do any nesting with these environments. \layout Itemize You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers. \layout Standard As for examples of these paragraph environments - look around you! We're using them everywhere in the manuals. \layout Subsubsection Creating an Appendix \layout Standard To create an appendix, simply start by adding a new chapter or section heading. Move the cursor back to the beginning of the heading and select \family sans \bar under L \bar default ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator Start\SpecialChar ~ \bar under A \bar default ppendix\SpecialChar ~ Here \family default . A red/brown box will be drawn around the remainder of the file to indicate there is something special about it, and the numerical chapter or section label(s) will be changed to a letter. \layout Subsection Quotes and Poetry \layout Standard LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations. They are \family sans Quote \family default , \family sans Quotation \family default , and \family sans Verse \family default . Forget the days of changing linespacing and twiddling with margins. These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in. They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below the text they contain. They also allow nesting, so you can put a \family sans Verse \family default in a \family sans Quotation \family default , as well as in some other paragraph environments. \layout Standard There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do \emph on not \emph default reset to \family sans Standard \family default when you start a new paragraph. So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit \family sans Return \family default without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you. Of course, that means that, once you're done typing in that poem, you have to change back to the \family sans Standard \family default environment yourself. \layout Subsubsection \family sans Quote \family default and \family sans Quotation \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quote} \end_inset Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's time for the differences. \family sans Quote \family default and \family sans Quotation \family default are identical except for one difference: \family sans Quote \family default uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line. \family sans Quotation \family default \emph on always \emph default indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout. \layout Standard Here's an example of the \family sans Quote \family default environment: \layout Quote This is in the \family sans Quote \family default environment. I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it wraps. See - no indentation! \layout Quote Here's the second paragraph of this quote. Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and the other paragraph. \layout Standard That ends that example. Here's another example, this time in the \family sans Quotation \family default environment: \layout Quotation This is in the \family sans Quotation \family default environment. If I keep writing, you'll see the indentation. If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting the first line, then \family sans Quotation \family default is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it \emph on if \emph default you were quoting other text. \layout Quotation Here's a new paragraph. I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time. If I did that, though, you'd get bored. \layout Standard That was our other example. As the example notes, \family sans Quote \family default is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs. They should put quotes in the \family sans Quote \family default environment. Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the \family sans Quotation \family default paragraph environment for quoted text. \layout Subsubsection \family sans Verse \layout Standard \family sans \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:verse} \end_inset Verse \family default is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on. Here's an example: \layout Verse This is in Verse \newline Which I did not rehearse! \layout Verse It could be much worse. This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps around. It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are indented a bit more than the first. Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore. So sue me. \layout Verse To break a line \newline And make things look fine \newline Use \family sans C-Return \family default . \layout Standard As you can see, \family sans Verse \family default does not indent both margins. Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph. To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the \family typewriter break-line \family default function, \family sans C-Return \family default . \layout Subsection Lists \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvlists} \end_inset LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds of lists. In the \family sans Itemize \family default and \family sans Enumerate \family default environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively. In the \family sans Description \family default and \family sans List \family default environments, LyX lets you provide your own label. We'll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing some general features of all four of them. \layout Subsubsection General Features \layout Standard The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments in several ways. First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item. Hitting \family sans Return \family default does \emph on not \emph default reset the environment to \family sans Standard \family default but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item. The nesting depth is typically reset, however. If you want to keep both the current nesting depth and paragraph environment, you should use \family sans M-Return \family default to break paragraphs. \layout Standard You can nest lists of any type inside one another. In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how its nested. If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest you read all of section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} \end_inset . \layout Subsubsection \family sans Itemize \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:itemize} \end_inset The first type of list we'll describe in detail is the \family sans Itemize \family default paragraph environment. It has the following properties: \layout Itemize Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label. \begin_deeper \layout Itemize LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level. \layout Itemize The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line. \end_deeper \layout Itemize The items can be any length. LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item. The offset is always relative to whatever environment the \family sans Itemize \family default list may be in. \layout Itemize If you nest an \family sans Itemize \family default environment inside another \family sans Itemize \family default environment, the label changes to a new symbol. \begin_deeper \layout Itemize There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting. \layout Itemize LyX always shows the same symbol, an asterisk, on screen. \layout Itemize See section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} \end_inset for a full explanation of nesting. \end_deeper \layout Standard Of course, that explanation was also an example of an \family sans Itemize \family default list. The \family sans Itemize \family default environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter. \layout Standard We said that different levels use different symbols as their label. Here's an example of all four possible symbols. Note that those of you reading this manual online won't see any difference. \layout Itemize The label for the first level \family sans Itemize \family default is a large black dot, or bullet. \begin_deeper \layout Itemize The label for the second level is a dash. \begin_deeper \layout Itemize The label for the third is an asterisk. \begin_deeper \layout Itemize The label for the fourth is a centered dot. \end_deeper \layout Itemize Back out to the third level. \end_deeper \layout Itemize Back to the second level. \end_deeper \layout Itemize Back to the outermost level. \layout Standard These are the default labels for an \family sans Itemize \family default list. You can customize these labels in \family sans \bar under L \bar default ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under D \bar default ocument \family default dialog in the \family sans Bullets \family default tab. \layout Standard Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth. We'll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} \end_inset . Be sure to read it! \layout Subsubsection \family sans Enumerate \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:enumerate} \end_inset The \family sans Enumerate \family default environment is the tool to use to create numbered lists and outlines. It has these properties: \layout Enumerate Each item has a numeral as its label. \begin_deeper \layout Enumerate The type of numeral depends on the nesting depth. \end_deeper \layout Enumerate LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate. \layout Enumerate Each new \family sans Enumerate \family default environment resets the counter to one. \layout Enumerate Like the \family sans Itemize \family default environment, the \family sans Enumerate \family default environment: \begin_deeper \layout Enumerate Offsets the items relative to the left margin. Items can be any length. \layout Enumerate Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases. \layout Enumerate Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth. \layout Enumerate Allows up to a four-fold nesting. \end_deeper \layout Standard Unlike the \family sans Itemize \family default environment, \family sans Enumerate \family default \emph on does \emph default show the different labels for each item. Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an \family sans Enumerate \family default : \layout Enumerate The first level of an \family sans Enumerate \family default uses Arabic numerals followed by a period. \begin_deeper \layout Enumerate The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses. \begin_deeper \layout Enumerate The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period. \begin_deeper \layout Enumerate The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period. \layout Enumerate Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth increases. \end_deeper \layout Enumerate Back to the third level \end_deeper \layout Enumerate Back to the second level. \end_deeper \layout Enumerate Back to the outermost level. \layout Standard Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the \family sans Enumerate \family default environment. It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (see the \emph on Extended Features \emph default manual), however. As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version, not on the LyX screen. \layout Standard There is more to nesting \family sans Enumerate \family default environments than we've stated here. You \emph on really \emph default should read section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} \end_inset to learn more about nesting. \layout Subsubsection \family sans Description \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:descrlist} \end_inset Unlike the previous two environments, the \family sans Description \family default list has no fixed label. Instead, LyX uses the first \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset word \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset of the first line as the label. Here's an example: \layout Description Example: This is an example of the \family sans Description \family default environment. \layout Standard LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the rest of the line. \layout Standard Now, you're probably wondering what we mean by, \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset uses the first 'word'. \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset The \family sans Space \family default key does not add a whitespace character, but separates words from one another. Inside of a \family sans Description \family default environment, the \family sans Space \family default key tells LyX to end the label if we're at the beginning of the first line of an item. \layout Standard However, what if you want or need to use more than one word in the label of a \family sans Description \family default environment? Simple: use a \family sans Protected Blank \family default . [Use either \family sans C-Space \family default or \family sans \bar under S \bar default pecial\SpecialChar ~ Characters\SpecialChar \menuseparator Protected\SpecialChar ~ \bar under B \bar default lank \family default from the \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert \family default menu. See sec. \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace} \end_inset for more info.] Here's an example: \layout Description Second\SpecialChar ~ Example: This one shows how to use a \family sans Protected\SpecialChar ~ Blank \family default in the label of a \family sans Description \family default list item. \layout Description Usage: You should use the \family sans Description \family default environment for things like definitions and theorems. Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text that describes it. It's not a good idea to use a \family sans Description \family default environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe. You're better off using \family sans Itemize \family default or \family sans Enumerate \family default and nesting several \family sans Standard \family default paragraphs into them. \layout Description Nesting: You can, of course, nest \family sans Description \family default environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and so on. \layout Standard Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting them from the first line. \layout Subsubsection The LyX \family sans List \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:lyxlist} \end_inset The \family sans List \family default environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX. \layout Standard Now, if you jumped here without reading sections \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:itemize} \end_inset - \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:descrlist} \end_inset , you've goofed. The \family sans List \family default environment does \emph on not \emph default create numbered lists. That's what \family sans Enumerate \family default does, and it's documented in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:enumerate} \end_inset . \layout Standard Like the \family sans Description \family default environment the \family sans List \family default environment has user-defined labels for each list item. There are some key differences between this list environment and the other three: \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMM item\SpecialChar ~ labels LyX uses the first \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset word \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset of each line as the item label. The first \family sans Space \family default after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label. If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected blank as described above. \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMM margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and the body of the item text. The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default label width plus a little extra space. \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMM label\SpecialChar ~ width LyX uses one of two things for the label width: the actual width of the label, or the default width, whichever is larger. If the actual width is larger, then the label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset extends \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset into the first line. In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left margin of the rest of the item text. \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMM default\SpecialChar ~ width You can very easily set this default width. It's quite painless, actually. So, you can easily ensure that the text of all items in a \family sans List \family default environment have the same left margin. \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMM uses You should use the \family sans List \family default environment the same way you'd use as \family sans Description \family default list: when you need one word to stand out from the text that describes it. The \family sans List \family default environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall layout. \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMM nesting You can nest \family sans List \family default environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and so on. They work just like the other list paragraph environments. Read section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} \end_inset to learn about nesting. \layout Standard As you can see, this is a feature-packed paragraph environment! \layout Standard To change the default width of the label, select the items in the list to change. You can also simply move the cursor into a \family sans List \family default item if you want to change only its label width. Now open the \family sans Paragraph Layout \family default dialog [use \family sans \bar under P \bar default aragraph... \family default in the \family sans \bar under L \bar default ayout \family default menu] and find the \family sans Label\SpecialChar ~ width \family default text box. The text in the \family sans Label\SpecialChar ~ width \family default box determines the default label width. If you really, really want to, you can use the text of your largest label here, but you don't need to. We recommend using the letter \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset M \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset multiple times. It's the widest character and is a standard unit of width in LaTeX. The default label width in the example \family sans List \family default is 6 \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset M \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset s wide. Using \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset M \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset as your unit of width in the \family sans Label\SpecialChar ~ Width \family default box has one more advantage: you don't need to keep changing the contents of \family sans Label\SpecialChar ~ Width \family default every time you alter a label in a \family sans List \family default environment. \layout Standard There's yet another feature of the \family sans List \family default environment we need to tell you about. As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item labels by default. You can use additional \family sans HFills \family default to change how LyX justifies the item label. We'll document \family sans HFills \family default later in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace} \end_inset . Here are some examples: \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM Left The default for \family sans List \family default item labels. \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM \hfill Right One \family sans HFill \family default at the beginning of the label right justifies it. \layout List \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM \hfill Center \hfill One \family sans HFill \family default at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it. \layout Standard Don't worry if you have no idea what \family sans HFill \family default s are yet. Just remember that you can use them to customize the look of the \family sans List \family default environment. \layout Standard That does it for the four paragraph environments for making lists. Oh - did we mention that you should read about nesting environments in section \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest} \end_inset if you want to use any of these list environments? \layout Subsection Letters \layout Subsubsection \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\SpecialChar ~ Address \family default : An Overview \layout Standard Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph environments called \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\SpecialChar ~ Address \family default . To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document. In contrast, you can use the \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\SpecialChar ~ Address \family default paragraph environments anywhere with no problem. You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest anything in them. \layout Standard Of course, you're not limited to using \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\SpecialChar ~ Address \family default for letters only. \family sans Right\SpecialChar ~ Address \family default , in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in some European academic papers. \layout Subsubsection Usage \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:adress_usage} \end_inset The \family sans Address \family default environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used for the opening and signature in some countries. Similarly, the \family sans Right\SpecialChar ~ Address \family default environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries. Here's an example of each: \layout Right Address Right Address \newline WhoAmI \newline WhereAmI \newline When is it? What is today? \layout Standard That was \family sans Right\SpecialChar ~ Address \family default . Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to fit the largest block of text on a single line. Here's an example of the \family sans Address \family default environment: \layout Address WhoAreYou \newline Where do I send this \newline Your post office and country \layout Standard As you can see, both \family sans Address \family default and \family sans Right\SpecialChar ~ Address \family default add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph. Speaking of which, if you hit \family sans Return \family default in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets the environment to \family sans Standard \family default . This makes sense, however, since \family sans Return \family default is the \family typewriter break-paragraph \family default function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs. Thus, you'd use \family typewriter break-line \family default [ \family sans C-Return \family default or \family sans \bar under S \bar default pecial\SpecialChar ~ Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under L \bar default inebreak \family default from the \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert \family default menu] to start a new line in an \family sans Address \family default or \family sans Right\SpecialChar ~ Address \family default environment. \layout Subsection Academic Writing \layout Standard Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography or list of references. LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these. \layout Subsubsection \family sans Abstract \layout Standard The \family sans Abstract \family default environment is used for the abstract of an article. Technically, you \emph on could \emph default use this environment anywhere, but you really \emph on should \emph default only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title. Also, don't bother trying to nest \family sans Abstract \family default in anything else or vice versa. It won't work. The \family sans Abstract \family default environment is only useful in the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset article \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset report \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset document classes [as well as \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset amsart, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset which is just a specialized version of \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset article \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset ]. The \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset book \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset document class ignores the \family sans Abstract \family default completely, and it's utterly silly to use \family sans Abstract \family default in the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset letter \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset document class. \layout Standard The \family sans Abstract \family default environment does several things for you. First, it puts the centered label \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Abstract \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset above the text. The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical space. Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect. Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and the subsequent text. Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen. If your document is in the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset report \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset class, the abstract actually appears on a separate page in the printed version of the file. \layout Standard Starting a new paragraph by hitting \family sans Return \family default does \emph on not \emph default reset the paragraph environment. The new paragraph will still be in the \family sans Abstract \family default environment. So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you finish entering the abstract of your document. \layout Standard We'd love to give you an example of the \family sans Abstract \family default environment, but we can't, since this document is in the \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset book \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset class. If you've never heard of an \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset abstract \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset before, you can safely ignore this environment. \layout Subsubsection \family sans Bibliography \layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliography} \end_inset The \family sans Bibliography \family default environment is used to list references. Technically, you \emph on could \emph default use this environment anywhere, but you really \emph on should \emph default only use it at the end of the document. Also, don't bother trying to nest \family sans Bibliography \family default in anything else or vice versa. It won't work. \layout Standard When you first open a \family sans Bibliography \family default environment, LyX add a large vertical space, followed by the heading \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Bibliography \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset or \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset References, \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset depending on the document class. The heading is in a large boldface font. Each paragraph of the \family sans Bibliography \family default environment is a bibliography entry. Thus, hitting \family sans Return \family default does \emph on not \emph default reset the paragraph environment. Each new paragraph is still in the \family sans Bibliography \family default environment. \layout Standard At the \emph on beginning \emph default of the \emph on first line \emph default of each paragraph, you will see a gray button showing a number. If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a \family sans key \family default and a \family sans label \family default . The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography entry. For example, suppose your first entry in the bibliography was a book about LaTeX. We could choose the key \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset latexguide \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset for that entry. You can also give a label, which will be displayed in the gray inset box. \layout Standard The \family sans key \family default field isn't useless. You can refer to your bibliography entries using the \family sans \bar under I \bar default nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator \bar under C \bar default itation\SpecialChar ~ Reference \family default command. Just choose the key inside in the available keys list, then add a reference by clicking on the left arrow, which will add it to the selected keys list. Multiple references can be placed by selecting more than one key. An example of the \family sans Bibliography \family default appears at the end of this document. \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset See \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide} \end_inset or \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite[Chapter 3]{latexcompanion} \end_inset \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset is an example of how to cite two of the entries in it. In the second one, we used the \family sans T \bar under e \bar default xt\SpecialChar ~ after \family default field of the citation dialog to add the text \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset Chapter 3 \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . The texts \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset latexguide \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset and \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset latexcompanion \begin_inset Q